用AMMI模型分析作物区域试验中的地点鉴别力

为了比较不同试验点在区域试验中鉴别力的大小,利用AMMI模型中地点的得分向量长度衡量地点鉴别力,并与传统的联合线性回归模型中的斜率进行了比较。以1995~96和1997~2000年度黄淮南片春水组小麦区域试验4年的产量数据为例进行了地点鉴别力分析。结果表明, AMMI模型比联合线性回归模型能更好地解释基因型与环境互作效应;多     

高粱在盐胁迫下特定蛋白的表达及与耐盐性关系的研究

报道了通过统计学上逐步回归的方法,筛选出对植物耐盐性有显著贡献的蛋白质,并应用方差分析探讨上述蛋白质的最佳诱导条件,以便探明盐胁迫一特定蛋白一耐盐性之间的关系。结果表明: 由NaCl诱导的高粱耐盐性是众多蛋白质综合作用的结果,其中不受盐诱导的15. 5 kD根蛋白、受盐诱导的71. 4 kD叶蛋白对高粱耐盐性具有显著正贡     

油用向日葵籽仁蛋白质含量与气候因素的关系

以３个不同类型油葵品种为试材,对４个地区、９个气候因素与油葵蛋白质含量进行了相关和逐步回归分析。结果表明：开花—成熟期日平均最高气温和相对湿度是影响蛋白质含量的主要气候因素。在一定范围内,日平均最高气温和相对湿度偏高,有利于蛋白质含量的积累。     

根据机动细胞硅酸体形态性状判别籼粳的研究

 以中国和亚洲其他国家的水稻地方品种和改良品种为材料,研究了机动细胞硅酸体的形态性状在籼、粳亚种间的差异。通过主成分分析和判别分析,探讨并建立了以硅酸体形态性状为指标的籼粳判别式,其判别效率可达90%左右,明显优于粒型判别法,与佐滕等提出的基于酚反应、氯酸钾抗性和稃毛长的判别结果基本一致。由于植物蛋白石具有残留量多和抗风化等优点,作者认为在籼、粳稻起源和分化的研究中,根据植物蛋白石的形态进行籼粳判别的方法比基于炭化米的粒型判别法更加有效。     

中华绒螯蟹性早熟的早期判别

结合对生殖腺的组织学研究,对发生性早熟发育与未发生性早熟发育的中华绒螯蟹的２２个形态特征参数进行了比较,确定了判别雌、雄中华绒螯蟹性早熟的三个形态特征参数,建立了雌、雄蟹性早熟判别公式;对雌蟹的判别准确率达９０．９％,对雄蟹的判别准确率达９６．９％。     

基于污染种类判别特征的作物Pb、Cu污染种类判别

为判别作物中的重金属污染种类,开展了Pb、Cu胁迫下的典型作物（玉米）培育实验,获取了作物叶片的高光谱数据与Pb、Cu污染信息。首先对光谱进行分数阶、整数阶导数变换,而后利用差值比光谱指数构建特征参量以组成Pb、Cu污染种类判别特征（DFLCPT）,最终基于DFLCPT数据构建了用于作物Pb、Cu污染种类判别的随机森林分类（RFC）、K-最邻近分类（KNNC）、支持向量机分类（SVC）、高斯过程分类（GPC）模型。结果表明：在依托多种导数光谱构建的差值比光谱指数（DRSI）中,以0.9阶导数光谱为基准的DRSI[2 412,1 223,636]与样本Pb、Cu污染种类的相关系数绝对值最大,为0.764 1;在依托多维度DFLCPT(DFLCPTn D)建立的SVC、RFC、KNNC、GPC玉米Pb、Cu污染种类判别模型中,RFC模型的效果优于SVC、KNNC、GPC模型,其在训练集与验证集中取得的最高正确率均为100%,精度较好,稳定性较强。研究表明,依托DFLCPT的模型在Pb、Cu污染种类判别中达到了预期效果,可为大规模的作物重金属污染种类判别提供一定的技术支撑。     

藏灵菇益生菌奶片的制作及其品质分析

为了以藏灵菇为发酵剂研制出新型片剂乳制食品,该文通过口味正交试验确定了藏灵菇益生菌奶片的最佳制作工艺配方,其配方的质量分数分别为10%脱脂藏灵菇奶冻干粉+40%全脂奶粉+14%白砂糖粉+2.5%硬脂酸镁+2.5%羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC-Na）+31%脱脂奶粉。通过电子鼻检测不同配比的脱脂藏灵菇益生菌奶片,绘制线性判别分析（LDA）图,客观地描述了脱脂(包括不同评分)和全脂藏灵菇益生菌奶片在LDA图上的分布区域。藏灵菇益生菌奶片的初始乳酸菌总数对数值为9.26,经过120 d的4℃保存,乳酸菌总数对数值为7.41,满足市售要求。将藏灵菇和脱脂藏灵菇奶片的扫描电镜图进行比较展示了其结构以及内部菌种的分布。综合成本和品质分析,认为藏灵菇益生菌奶片的生产可行性强。     

Can carbon isotope discrimination and ash content predict grain yield and water use efficiency in wheat?

Drought is the main factor affecting crop grain yield. Increasing grain yield under drought and crop water use efficiency (WUE) is essential for enhancing world crop production and food availability. The objective of this study, carried out in India on 20 durum wheat cultivars, under three water regimes (full irrigation, limited irrigation and residual soil moisture) and during two seasons, was to investigate the potential use of plant traits (particularly carbon isotope discrimination, Δ, and ash content, m_a) to predict grain yield and WUE in wheat. WUE components were estimated using a soil water balance model (Budget) allowing comparison of environments in data scarce situations. A highly significant correlation was noted between grain yield and grain Δ across water regimes. However, the associations between grain yield, Δ and m_a were found to depend highly on the water regime and environmental conditions. The association between grain yield and grain Δ was significant under full irrigation in season 1 and under residual soil moisture in season 2. Significant positive correlations were noted in both seasons between grain yield and leaf Δ under residual soil moisture and between grain yield and leaf ash content at anthesis under limited irrigation. A significant correlation was found across environments between grain and leaf Δ and T, the quantity of water transpired during the growth cycle, as estimated by the soil water balance model. T also significantly correlated to grain and leaf m_a. Variation in WUE across environments was driven more by runoff, drainage and soil evaporation than by harvest index and transpiration. The associations between WUE and transpiration, runoff and Δ were negative but not significant. WUE was significantly correlated with leaf and grain m_a at maturity. The study indicates that Δ and m_a can be used as indirect selection criteria for grain yield and suggests that m_a is a good predictor of transpiration, grain yield and WUE across environments. The use of mechanistic models that allows differentiating between cultivars should permit in a next future to analyze the relationships between WUE, Δ and m_a across cultivars and evaluate the possibility to use these traits as predictors of WUE in wheat breeding programs.     

A rapid real-time PCR assay for detecting columnar growth in apples (Malus × domestica)

Columnar growth in apples can have considerable positive consequences for orchard maintenance, but the lack of columnar cultivars producing fruits with desired market quality prevents their broader utilization in orchards. New crossings focused on their breeding are therefore conducted throughout the world every year. Unfortunately, the reliable discrimination between columnar growth and normal phenotype is difficult until seedlings are 2–3 years of age. However, molecular marker–assisted selection (MAS) can be used in seedlings several weeks old providing immense help in breeding programmes focused on columnar apple production. Here, we describe a rapid and reliable method for the detection of both wild-type (WT) and columnar (Co) alleles originating from ‘McIntosh Wijcik’ in a single reaction using a real-time PCR allelic discrimination approach. Our assay was tested in 130 genotypes (80 normal and 50 columnar habit) from various crossings and their parents, and in all cases, genotype corresponded to phenotype. The assay is thus suitable for laboratories interested in high-throughput MAS for columnar tree habit breeding.     

利用下颌骨形态鉴别野生和饲养北美水貂的研究

当前,我国法律明令禁止对濒危野生动物进行猎杀、滥食以及非法交易,但鼓励人工饲养种群的规模化养殖和商业化利用。这引起一个重要问题:即从野外非法猎取的野生动物,会假借人工驯养繁殖的名义合法地进入市场,这对执法部门如何精准鉴定动物来源造成了极大的困扰。现有的依靠骨密度和头骨形态的鉴定方法不能满足需求。本研究以野外水貂(n=25)和人工驯养水貂(n=38)的下颌骨为对象,建立一个更为简便而有效的鉴别方法。下颌骨与咬肌构成一个杠杆系统,髁状突为支点,前臼齿和臼齿的齿尖为阻力点,各个齿尖到髁状突的距离为阻力臂。我们推测,野生水貂的食物质地较为坚硬,而人工饲养的动物食物柔软,因而野生水貂捕食和进食时需要更大的咬合力和咬合效率。这一差异在个体发育过程中很可能导致阻力臂结构发生变化。如果这种变化足够明显,就可以据此建立动物来源的判别指标。通过测定髁状突到前臼齿第3齿尖以及臼齿上的下原尖和下前尖的阻力臂、齿冠长及齿尖高等数据,建立了13个判别指标,利用这些指标分析野生与饲养个体间的差异并进行判别分析,以已知来源个体的正确回判率来评价其有效性。结果显示,与野生组相比,人工饲养水貂下颌咬合杠杆的阻力臂更长,支持了我们的推测。在13个判别指标中,H₂/L₂(臼齿下前尖高和其力臂长之比)和CosA(犬齿沿矢状面的倾角)无性别差异,二者联合使用时,已知来源个体的正确回判率可达到91.20%,具有很强的鉴别能力。由于水貂是典型的小型食肉动物,因此本研究的结果对其他小型食肉动物的鉴别也具有重要的参考意义。